Systems and methods for determining the scale of human anatomy from images

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are disclosed for generating a scaled reconstruction for a consumer product. One method includes receiving digital input comprising a calibration target and an object; defining a three-dimensional coordinate system; positioning the calibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system; based on the digital input, aligning the object to the calibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system; and generating a scaled reconstruction of the object based on the alignment of the object to the calibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.62/507,631 filed May 17, 2017, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally toscaling objects based on imaging data. In particular, systems andmethods are disclosed for an improved determination of the scale ofhuman anatomy in order to render the anatomy accurately in a virtualtry-on environment for a custom product.

INTRODUCTION

Increasingly, consumers are using virtual interfaces for shopping,rather than visiting physical brick-and-mortar stores. One drawback of avirtual shopping experience for apparel is that a user cannot physicallytry on a product. In such circumstances, a “virtual try-on” techniquecan help a user review how they look while wearing a product. In orderto preview physical good via virtual try-on, a desire exists todetermine the scale of the scene in which to superimpose the virtualproduct. The scaling may permit previewing or rendering the virtualproduct in a virtual display, with correct scale.

There are numerous methods for determining scale of a user usingspecific hardware, and each has its own tradeoffs. In an optical store,one method of measuring the size of a user's face is to use a ruler. Tomeasure pupillary distance (Pd) of eyes focused at infinity (or, forexample, at an object over 20 feet away), an optician, optometrist,ophthalmologist, or other trained user may hold up a ruler and attemptto measure the distance between the eyes. This method is fraught witherror. It requires a user to focus not on the person in front of themtaking the measurement, but instead on an object past them in thedistance. (Otherwise, the convergence of the eyes as the user focusesnear will yield an inaccurate measurement.) In addition, since the noseprotrudes from the plane of the rest of a user's face, a ruler cannot beplaced in the same plane as the eyes. The farther the plane of the ruleris from the plane of the eyes, the more difficult it is to accuratelymeasure Pd, and the more error-prone the measurement. It is alsodifficult to measure monocular Pd using a ruler. Lastly, a user cannotmeasure herself with a ruler. This method would require another personto measure the user.

Another method used in an optical store is to use a pupilometer tomeasure binocular or monocular Pd. The pupilometer may solve the z-planeissue of a ruler and is much easier to use. However, a pupilometer is anexpensive optical tool that, by necessity, requires a user to visit aphysical location to have it used on them. Even if a user had his/herown pupilometer, pupilometers entail operation by a person other thanthe user. Again, a user cannot self-measure.

Stores are beginning to install more sophisticated sensors that aid inthe 3D measurement of a face in order to provide a better virtual try-onof inventory not in stock, or to capture additional optical measurementsneeded to fulfill a progressive lens. The limitations of this approachare the same as that for a pupilometer—this method is expensive,restricted to a limited retail location, and must be operated by atrained professional.

Increasingly, there are numerous methods for measuring the scale of anobject using a single picture captured via an image capture device (e.g.charge coupled device (CCD) sensor). In such cases, user may hold anobject of known size (e.g., a magnetic stripe card such as a creditcard) against his face at a location that is as close to the z-plane oftheir eyes as possible (e.g., the same distance from the camera as theireyes). The user may also attempt to capture in image in which his/herface is positioned orthogonal to a camera, with the credit cardorthogonal to the camera. Determining scale in such scenarios mayinvolve comparing the ratio of the width of the of the card in pixels tothe width between the eyes in pixels, then adjusting the scale based onthe known width of the card in millimeters to the measured width of thecard in pixels. This method may be inexpensive and easy for a user toperform. However, it is also fraught with measurement error.

Scale measurement via a single image can be incorrectly derived due to anumber of errors that can be introduced during this setup. A perfectmeasurement may be achieved if the assumption that the card and face arein the same plane is true. If, however, the card is closer or fartheraway from the camera than the eyes (or other facial features beingmeasured), the derived scale will be incorrect because the card willappear a different size than it would if it were at the same distance asthe item to be measured. In other words, the card may appear largerrelative to the face if closer to the camera, which may result in ascale determination of the face that is too small. Conversely, the cardmay appear smaller relative to the face if it is farther from thecamera, which may result in a scale determination that will be toolarge. An assumption of the difference in z-plane can be made, but anydeviation from said assumption will introduce error. Additionally, ifthe card is not aligned with respect to the face (or eyes, or otherfeatures to be measured), then the scale measurement will also beincorrect.

Accordingly, there is compelling need to determine methods and systemsto determine scale in a remote fashion via an easy-to-use method that isalso substantially more accurate and fault-tolerant than methods andsystems disclosed previously.

By extension, a user may wish to have a custom product from a virtualtry-on produced as a physical object. Here, accurate scaling is evenmore crucial because inaccuracies in scale in a virtual try-on maytranslate into a physical object that is of an unusable or uncomfortablesize for a user. While the concept of superimposing a two-dimensionalimage of a stock item of apparel onto a superficial image of a personexists to give users a general impression of products, current systemsare unable to produce virtual custom products in real-worldmeasurements. Accordingly, a desire further exists to convert a virtualproduct into an actual real-world scale with real-world measurements(e.g., millimeters).

The foregoing general description and the following detailed descriptionare exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of thedisclosure.

SUMMARY

One method includes: receiving digital input comprising a calibrationtarget and an object; defining a three-dimensional coordinate system;positioning the calibration target in the three-dimensional coordinatesystem; based on the digital input, aligning the object to thecalibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system; andgenerating a scaled reconstruction of the object based on the alignmentof the object to the calibration target in the three-dimensionalcoordinate system.

In accordance with another embodiment, a system for generating a scaledreconstruction for a consumer product: a data storage device storinginstructions for generating a scaled reconstruction for a consumerproduct; and a processor configured for: receiving digital inputcomprising a calibration target and an object; defining athree-dimensional coordinate system; positioning the calibration targetin the three-dimensional coordinate system; based on the digital input,aligning the object to the calibration target in the three-dimensionalcoordinate system; and generating a scaled reconstruction of the objectbased on the alignment of the object to the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system.

In accordance with another embodiment, a non-transitory computerreadable medium for use on a computer system containingcomputer-executable programming instructions for performing a method forgenerating a scaled reconstruction for a consumer product, the methodcomprising: receiving digital input comprising a calibration target andan object; defining a three-dimensional coordinate system; positioningthe calibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system; basedon the digital input, aligning the object to the calibration target inthe three-dimensional coordinate system; and generating a scaledreconstruction of the object based on the alignment of the object to thecalibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system.

Additional objects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will beset forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will beapparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of thedisclosed embodiments. The objects and advantages of the disclosedembodiments will be realized and attained by means of the elements andcombinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the disclosed embodiments, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary system and network for scalinga human face in order to produce a custom product, according to anexemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A depicts an exemplary anatomic model, according to an embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 2B depicts an exemplary parametric model of a user-specific eyewearproduct, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 depicts a flowchart of an exemplary method of generating areconstruction for an object of unknown size, according to an embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of an exemplary method of generating a scaledreconstruction of a calibration target (in preparation for generatingthe scaled reconstruction of the object of unknown size), according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of an exemplary method of generating a scaledreconstruction of the object of unknown size), according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart of an exemplary method of generating orcapturing digital input to construct a scaled reconstruction, accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 includes a visual depiction of generating or capturing digitalinput to construct a scaled reconstruction, according to an embodimentof the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments of thedisclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be usedthroughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

First, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems andmethods for scaling an object in order to render it accurately in avirtual setting for a virtual try-on. Numerous methods exist fordetermining scale of a user using specific hardware, and each has itsown tradeoffs. Many problems with scale measurement via a simple imagesensor stem from the fact that all measurements in pixels are being donein two dimensions (2D). Thus, a compelling need exists for methods andsystems for determining scale in a remote fashion and in threedimensions (3D), via an easy-to-use method that is also substantiallymore accurate and fault-tolerant than methods and systems disclosedpreviously.

In view of the foregoing, the disclosed systems and methods provideeasy-to-use, accurate, and fault-tolerant systems and methods of ascaling mechanism for visualizations (also referred to herein as“virtual try-on” or “try-on”). One exemplary visualization may includegenerating a preview or a virtual try-on of a consumer product, e.g., aneyewear product. For example, the present disclosure includes exemplarysystems and methods for scaling an object of unknown size (e.g., a humanface) for generating an accurate rendering during a virtual try-on. Suchvirtual try-ons may include displays of how the user may look whilewearing the eyewear and/or displays of how the user may view objectswhile looking through the lenses of the eyewear. In one embodiment, thedisplays may include interactive displays, where the user may furthermodify geometric, aesthetic, and/or optical aspects of the modeled anddisplayed eyewear.

In one embodiment, the disclosed systems and methods provide a method ofdetermining a scale using a smartphone or mobile device. In addition,the disclosed systems and methods resolve scaling issues derived from 2Dscale computations. The disclosure provides a scale measurementtechnique that is performed in three dimensions (3D). Several disclosedembodiments are directed to the goal of determining the scale of a humanface, though the described methods can be used to determine the scale ofother objects.

Next, the disclosed systems and methods further relate to producing aphysical custom product with the correct physical scale. Producing aphysical custom product with the correct scale may involve determining ascale in one or more images in order to convert a unit-less scale of avirtual product (e.g., a unit-less, scaled custom object in the virtualsetting), or a guessed/estimated scale in real-world measurements, intoan accurate real-world scale with real-world measurements (e.g.millimeters). The present disclosure includes exemplary systems andmethods for generating a physical version of a custom product with thecorrect physical scale, by scaling an object of unknown size. Thepresent systems and methods may determine parameters for a customized aneyewear product to suit a scaled model of a user's anatomy, based on adetermined scale. The present disclosure further includes systems andmethods for manufacturing the customized eyewear product.

Regarding generating an accurate scaling, the embodiments hereindisclose comparing an object of unknown size to an object of known size.The object of unknown size may be comprised of a user's anatomy (e.g., auser's face). The object of known size may include a calibration target.One embodiment may include determining a scale of the calibration targetand using the scale of the calibration target to determine a scale forthe object of unknown size. The object of unknown size may then be sizedbased on that scale.

For example, one embodiment may include receiving a digital input, suchas an image, depicting an object of known size and an object of unknownsize, reconstructing (or receiving a reconstruction of) the object ofknown size and reconstructing (or receiving a reconstruction of) theobject of unknown size, and aligning the reconstructions in the samecoordinate system. Once the reconstructions are aligned in the samecoordinate system, the measurements of the reconstruction of the objectof known size may be used to scale and measure the reconstruction of theobject of unknown size. In this way, the object of unknown size may besized accurately relative to the object of known size. In other words,an accurately sized, scaled reconstruction of the object of unknown sizemay be generated. In one embodiment, the reconstructions arethree-dimensional (“3D”) models. The alignment of the reconstructionsmay occur in a 3D space approximated by a 3D coordinate system.Exemplary methods for generating the scaled reconstruction are describedin detail at FIGS. 1 and 3-5 .

FIGS. 1, 6, and 7 will pertain to an exemplary method of obtainingdigital input. In one embodiment, the digital input may be comprised ofany data configured for providing the information for a 3D analysis. Thedigital input may include, for example, a series of images from asingular image sensor taken from different camera positions, a videotaken from different camera positions, a series of images or a videotaken from different perspectives with depth information included, a 3Dpoint cloud captured from a depth or 3D sensor, a series of images frommultiple 2D sensors, a video captured from multiple 2D sensors, etc.

Capturing multiple images and then reconstructing in 3D may havenumerous advantages over capturing a singular image or a 2D image. Forexample, it may allow for the rejection of images that are blurred(e.g., due to motion blur from camera motion, blur from face motion, orout-of-focus blur, or other sources of blur). It can also allow for therejection of unwanted images due to image artifacts (e.g., compressionartifact). It can allow for the rejection of images with unwanted motion(e.g., those in which the user blinked, or opened their mouth, or lookedwith their face or eyes in an unwanted direction, or performed someother unwanted motion). It may also allow for the rejection of imagesfor which an optimization cannot find agreement as to each image'scamera position in 6 degrees of freedom. Further, capturing multipleimages can also allow for the assessment, refinement, and rejection ofoutlier-derived camera positions, e.g., through analysis of the 3Dreconstructed models back-projected onto each 2D image.

One embodiment may include generating the virtual try-on and the customproduct (manufacturing specifications/instructions) from a singledigital capture. For example, a single digital capture may include onevideo with two different motions—one motion to capture a user's anatomy(as an object of unknown size), and the other motion to scale. Acalibration target (if used in a scaling method) may be present onlyduring the portion that is desired or needed to scale the 3Dreconstructed object, as opposed to present during the entire capture orlonger period.

Another embodiment may include having one dedicated digital capture forscaling, which may be separate from a digital capture for a virtualtry-on or for generating the physical custom product. One advantage of adedicated scale capture is that it need not be a series of images/videosthat a user views on a regular basis (e.g., for a virtual try-on).Rather, a dedicated scale capture may be captured once and processed,perhaps with a quick review to ensure that the object of unknown size(and calibration target) is captured in the digital input andinstructions were correctly followed, but it may not be the series ofimages/video that a user would be looking at to make a purchasingdecision (for the custom product). An additional advantage of adedicated scale capture is that it can be delayed until such time thatscale should be determined (which for a custom product can be after adesign and/or purchasing decision is made and the manufacturing is setto commence). Yet another advantage of a dedicated scale capture is thatthe processing of said capture need not be real-time, nor calculated asfast as possible. A user can submit a scale capture and it can beprocessed at a later date/time using an algorithm that may trade fasterprocessing time for improved accuracy. In this way, a user need not waitfor processing to be done to continue to the next step in the process.If subsequently it is determined that there is a problem with the scalecapture, the user can be notified to re-capture. Said user may bemotivated to perform said capture correctly, as he/she is far along inthe purchasing process (or has already purchased).

One exemplary method of using a scale capture may include using imagedata of the scale capture to reconstruct camera motion and referenceobject motion during the capture. Such an embodiment may includedetecting features of an object of unknown size (e.g., a face). Forexample, one step may include detecting facial landmarks in one or more2D images of the capture, and using the landmarks to determine aninitial camera pose. Another step may include detecting calibrationtarget/reference object landmarks and excluding image regions of thelandmarks from detected regions of the face. This step may includedetermining face-only image regions from the capture. As an example, inone embodiment, if a calibration target is a credit card, landmarks mayinclude a magnetic stripe or one or more corners of the card. Next, theexemplary method may include tracking the detected face-only imageregions using low level pixel features to estimate camera poses. Thecamera pose and face model (based on the face-only image regions) maythen be fixed, and the calibration target may be tracked to estimatemotion of the calibration target relative to the fixed face pose. Stronglocality constraints for the reference object relative to the face maybe desired to consistently solve for reference object motion whilekeeping the camera motion and face model fixed. Understanding theposition of the camera and motion of the calibration target may permit ascaling of the face when the calibration target and face are locked oraligned in a 3D space.

While the embodiments of the present disclosure will be described inconnection with creating, producing, and delivering custom eyewear, itwill be appreciated that the present disclosure involves the creation,production, and delivery of a wide variety of products that may relateto the anatomical or physical characteristics of the user as well as theuser's preferences for a particular product. It will be appreciated thatdescribing the disclosed embodiments in terms of the creation,production, and delivery of eyewear carries a large number ofsimilarities to the creation, production, and delivery of a wide varietyof products customized to the features and desires of the user. Whatfollows therefore describes the disclosed embodiments in terms ofeyewear, it being understood that the disclosure is not so limited.

In one embodiment, the disclosed scaling technique(s) may be performedfor a virtual try-on of a stock product, and the scaling may beperformed upon manufacturing of a custom product. This may be becausethe scaling problem is somewhat different for a stock product versus acustom product. When working with a stock product, one may need to knowscale before rendering in a virtual try-on display in order to create anaccurate rendering because a stock product in a virtual display is arepresentation of a physical product that is already manufactured withknown dimensions. The need for scaling in a virtual try-on display for acustom product may be less crucial because the preview of the productcan be based on a unit-less ratio of the size of the product relative tothe size of an object in one or more images. That said, accurate scaleis crucial to when physically manufacturing a custom product. Without anaccurate scale, a resultant custom product may be manufactured withsize(s) or dimensions that are unusable or uncomfortable for a user. Forexample, an inaccurately scaled custom product may produce manufacturinginstructions that create a custom product that has correct relativedimensions (e.g., nosepiece relative to earpiece, eyewear shape, etc.),but overall be too small for a user to wear.

The following descriptions are for explanatory purposes to help definethe breadth of words used herein. These definitions do not limit thescope of the disclosure, and those skilled in the art will recognizethat additional definitions may be applied to each category. By way ofdefinition as used herein, digital input may further includetwo-dimensional (2D) image(s), digital images, video, series of images,stereoscopic images, three-dimensional (3D) images, images acquired withstandard light-sensitive cameras, images acquired by cameras that mayhave multiple lenses, images acquired by multiple independent cameras,images acquired with depth cameras, images acquired with laser,infrared, or other sensor modalities. Alternately or in addition, depthinformation may be received or derived from depth sensor(s) independentof image capture (e.g., depth data from a 3D point cloud with noimage(s) associated).

In one embodiment, a depth sensor may include a sensor that captures 3Dpoint cloud data and may also create a mesh from said point clouds(absent image capture). In some instances, using depth sensor data alone(e.g., without image capture) may have various limitations. For example,depth data from a depth sensor, alone, may be unable to detect orprovide information on the center of a user's pupil. The depth sensormay provide a 3D point cloud data (or a mesh) that corresponds thesmooth curvature of the user's eyeball, but since the pupil has nodiscernible 3D features, depth information alone may fail to provide thelocation of the user's pupil. Meanwhile, image data (e.g., from an imagecapture device) may provide a position/location of a user's pupil, e.g.,by detecting the contrast difference between the white portion of theuser's eyeball and the dark pupil or iris.

Some described exemplary systems and methods may include depth cameras,for instance, cameras that may operate combined depth sensors inconjunction with image sensors to capture a 3D point cloud, form a mesh,and/or apply a texture from the image data (e.g., to correctly paint aphysical final eyewear model). Alternately or in addition, the describedexemplary systems and methods may include depth cameras that may becombined with depth sensors and image sensors, which may output 2Dimages. In such images, each pixel may be associated with a depth value(e.g., a distance value from the camera). Outputs from either or both ofthese exemplary scenarios may be used in the described embodiments.

Various mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones) have (or may have) one ormore depth sensors and one or more image sensors, e.g., as independentsensors. In one embodiment, the disclosed systems and methods may detectinputs from each of the two types of sensors (e.g., depth sensors andimage sensors) and process the sensor data into data that may begenerated by a single integrated “depth camera.”

Computer systems may include tablets, phones, desktops, laptops, kiosks,servers, wearable computers, network computers, distributed or parallelcomputers, or virtual computers. Imaging devices may include single lenscameras, multiple lens cameras, depth cameras, depth sensors, lasercameras, infrared cameras, or digital cameras. Input devices includetouchscreens, gesture sensors, keyboards, mice, depth cameras, audiospeech recognition, and wearable devices. Displays may include panels,LCDs, projectors, 3D displays, 2D displays, heads-up displays, flexibledisplays, television, holographic displays, wearable displays, or otherdisplay technologies. Previewed images in the form of images, video, orinteractive renderings may include images of the user superimposed withproduct model images, images of the user superimposed with rendering ofproduct model, images of the anatomic and product models of the user,etc. Anatomic models, details, and dimensions may include length offeatures (e.g., length of nose), distance between features (e.g.,distance between ears), angles, surface area of features, volume offeatures, 2D contours of features (e.g., outline of wrist), 3D models offeatures (e.g., surface of nose or ear), 3D coordinates, 3D mesh orsurface representations, shape estimates or models, curvaturemeasurements, or estimates of skin or hair color definition, and/orestimates of environmental factors (e.g., lighting and surroundings).

A model or reconstruction (of either an object of known size, acalibration target, or an object of unknown size) may include apoint-cloud, parametric model, a texture-mapped model, surface or volumemesh, or other collection of points, lines, and geometric elementsrepresenting an object. Manufacturing instructions may includestep-by-step manufacturing instructions, assembly instructions, orderingspecifications, parametric CAD inputs, CAM files, g-code, automatedsoftware instructions, coordinates for controlling machinery, templates,images, drawings, material specifications, inspection dimensions orrequirements, etc. A manufacturing system may include a computer systemconfigured to deliver manufacturing instructions to users and/ormachines, a networked computer system that includes machines configuredto follow manufacturing instructions, a series of computer systems andmachines that instructions are sequentially passed through, etc. Eyewearmay include eyeglass frames, sunglass frames, frames alone, lensesalone, frames and lenses together, prescription eyewear (frames and/orlenses), non-prescription (piano) eyewear (frames and/or lenses), sportseyewear (frames and/or lenses), or electronic or wearable technologyeyewear (frames and/or lenses).

Referring now to the figures, FIG. 1 is a block diagram 100 of anexemplary system and network for scaling an object or human anatomy(e.g., a human face) in order to produce a custom product, according toan exemplary embodiment. Assessment platform 101 may be in communicationwith an image capture device 103, a display 105, and a manufacturingsystem 107. In one embodiment, assessment platform 101 may be installedon a user's mobile device (e.g., as a mobile app). In anotherembodiment, a user mobile device may communicate remotely withassessment platform 101. In yet another embodiment, any portion offunctions of assessment platform 101 may be performed, at least in part,by a user mobile device and/or other device(s). In one exemplaryembodiment, the assessment platform 101 may further comprise serversystems that may include storage devices for storing received images anddata and/or processing devices for processing received image and data.Image capture device 103 may include, but need not be limited to, a usermobile device, single-lens camera, video camera, multi-lens camera, amulti-camera, IR camera, laser scanner, interferometer, etc., or acombination thereof. The image capture device is henceforth referred toas “camera.”

In one embodiment, assessment platform 101 may also be in communicationwith a display 105. The display 105 may include but is not be limited toa display screen of a user's mobile device, LCD screens, flexiblescreens, projections, holographic displays, 2D displays, 3D displays,heads-up displays, or other display technologies. The assessmentplatform 101 may include an input device for controlling the assessmentplatform 101 including, but not limited to, a touchscreen, keyboard,mouse, track pad, or gesture sensor. The input device may be part of thedisplay 105 and/or communicate with the display 105. The assessmentplatform 101 may be further configured to provide an interface for auser (e.g., the user or a user similar to or related to the user, aneyewear professional, etc.) to view, customize, browse, and/or ordercustom products. This interface may be rendered by display 105, whichmay be either part of, or remote, from the assessment platform 101, invarious embodiments.

In one embodiment, assessment platform 101 may be installed on a mobiledevice comprising image capture device 103. Image capture device 103 mayfurther serve as display 105. In one embodiment, assessment platform101, image capture device 103, and/or display 105 may communicate tocollect digital input of an object of unknown size and/or an object ofknown size.

In one embodiment, the assessment platform 101 may provide one or morecues or indicators, displays, or prompts for capturing digital input,which may be displayed to a user by display 105, e.g., mobile devicecomprising image capture device 103. The cues or indicators, displays,or prompts may also be executed separately from display 105, e.g., as anauditory, tactile, or haptic signal. The assessment platform 101 mayfurther include directions for the user to capture digital input,potentially with the aid of visual assessments and prompts. Interactivecues or prompts can be displayed on a screen of display 105, e.g., aninterface of image capture device 103. The cues or prompts can also becommunicated to the user via programmable audio prompts, simplevibration (with programmable repetition, amplitude, and/or duration),programmable haptic response (haptic/vibration intensity/amplitudewaveform), visual via the flash (programmable intensity, repetition,frequency, duration, and color), or visual through other programmablestatus light indicators on the device. Interactive cues or prompts canalso be communicated wirelessly to another device, such as a watch, andthe second device can provide said prompts to the user (e.g., where asmartphone wirelessly tells a watch to fire a haptic or audio response).

Interactive cues/prompts can be driven by the following inputs:programmable time (e.g., next prompt after a certain time duration),face detection and pose estimation (e.g., pitch, yaw, roll of face orcard) via the imaging sensor, accelerometer data (e.g. device motionchanges), gyroscope data (e.g., pitch, yaw, roll, tilt of capturedevice), and audio inputs via the microphone (e.g. verbal or sound),computer vision face gesture or feature detection (e.g., mouthopen/close, blinks, gaze as input, smile or frown, etc.), by similarsensors on a second wearable device (e.g., watch), etc.

The image capture device 103 may then capture and store the digitalinput. Any combination or division of operations may be distributedbetween the assessment platform 101, image capture device 103, and/orthe display 105. In one embodiment pertaining to scaling or generatingcustom eyewear, the assessment platform 101, image capture device 103,and/or the display 105 may further be configured to include and/or workwith optometry devices or onboard sensors to measure prescriptioninformation (e.g., refraction) and automatically incorporate themeasurements into the assessment such that no manual entering ofprescription data is needed.

In one embodiment, display 105 may further include hardware and/orsoftware configured for generating and displaying virtual try-ons,including visualizations of the customized eyeglass frames or lenses.Exemplary previews may include renderings of the customized eyewearalone, renderings of a user wearing the customized eyewear, and/orpreviews simulating the user's view though the customized eyewear and/orlenses. The rendering may be overlaid on image data of a user's face, ananatomic model, or as a standalone rendered image of just the framecomplete with lenses. In another example, generating a view simulationpreview may include rendering a preview of the vision through a customeyewear model, including the shape, size, and optical properties of alens. Exemplary previews of this type may include rendering a live orstatic scene that simulates the user's vision, including but not limitedto distortion, area of focus, color, and other optical effects, e.g.,how customized lenses may alter a user's vision.

In one scenario, such a preview may include providing anaugmented-reality preview (over live video or of a stock image) of thecustomized lenses to demonstrate the customized changes to the lensesand how they will alter a user's vision (by distorting the live video orstock image as if the user were looking through the lenses). This canserve to not only highlight the benefits of customization, but also toguide a user towards the best symbiotic relationship between frameparameters and lens parameters to achieve a combined system thatmaximizes the user's style, comfort, and optical/visual acuity. Thispreview can also highlight the differences between subtle opticalchanges to lens designs (e.g., differences between progressive lensdesigns for different activities, lengthening the corridor, adjustingthe reading area, etc.). Optical information may be received via adirect transfer of the user's prescription data, received via wordrecognition of an image/photograph of the user's prescription, and/orderived from other imaging of the user's anatomy. Capturing data forgenerating user-specific models (e.g., anatomic and parametric models)and generating previews of customized eyewear is described in detail inU.S. Pat. No. 9,304,332 filed Aug. 22, 2014, entitled “Method and Systemto Create Custom, User-Specific Eyewear,” which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

Assessment platform 101, image capture device 103, and display 105 maytogether capture digital input for a scaled reconstruction. Inparticular, assessment platform 101, image capture device 103, anddisplay 105 may provide the capability to build and scale 3Dmodels/reconstructions. Building a 3D model from multiple 2D images ofdiffering vantage points (e.g., camera positions) may involve moving acamera(s) (e.g., image capture device 103) relative to a stationaryscene, moving object(s) relative to a stationary camera(s), orsimultaneously moving camera(s) and object(s). As previously stated,each approach has its advantages and disadvantages.

In one embodiment, an image capture device for the digital input may becomprised of a smartphone. In one scenario, holding a phone in landscapeorientation may be ergonomically superior to holding it in portraitorientation if the goal of a digital capture is to have a user hold saidphone as far away from his face and/or card as possible (to reduceunwanted wide-angle perspective effects and ensure the face/card remainsin-view during entire capture) with limited motion blur. The smartphonemay have a front and rear camera. In the disclosed embodiments, eitherthe front or rear camera can be used, each with its own advantages anddisadvantages.

Using the front camera may have the advantage of the screen facing theuser. This can allow for on-screen instructions, which can provideinteractive visual prompts during the scale capture process.Additionally, the screen can also be used to display a full-white (oroff-white) image that may take up a portion of the entirety of thescreen at a programmable level of brightness in order to serve as asource of illumination to aid the imaging sensor in low-light scenariosor in lighting scenarios where the addition of a specific color spectrumwould enhance the white balance or color shift of the scene to beimaged. Further, the screen can also pulse its illumination to provide aprompt or flash quickly in sync with the imaging exposure so it is notilluminated 100% of the time during the capture process nor overheats.If there is a front-facing flash present on the capture device, it toocan be used to achieve the same advantages and effects described.Additionally, if there is an infrared source of illumination (IR LED)that is not visible to the user but is visible to the imaging sensor, ittoo can be used to aid in scene illumination in low light.

On the other hand, the presence of a screen (and any visual prompts) maynaturally catch the eye of the user during the capture process, when theintent may be to keep the user's eyes fixed on an object in thedistance, not on the phone (which may be close to the user). To mitigatethe effects of user eye movement, detection of when the user's gazeshifts from distance to the phone (especially since the phone is movingoff-plane or axis with the point in the distance) can be implemented bythose familiar in the art of computer vision and gaze tracking. Imagesof the user of when they are focused not in the distance but insteadnear at the phone can be discarded, or the images can be used for nearpupillary distance measurements (the determination of the distancebetween the eyes when they converge on a near object, which may beuseful in order to order a set of lenses with add power for neardistance reading (e.g., reading glasses, bifocal, trifocal, orprogressive, etc.)). Another common disadvantage for front cameras ofmobile devices is, the front camera may have lower resolution, inferioroptics, an inferior sensor, and/or not have optical image stabilizationrelative to the rear camera.

Use of the rear camera may have its own advantages and disadvantages.The rear camera may be equipped with a higher caliber sensor and/orlens, offering higher resolution, better low-light performance, lessnoise/graininess, higher maximum ISO (sensitivity), auto-focus pixels,auto-metering (exposure) pixels, auto-focusing optics, and/or opticalimage stabilization. Newer imaging sensors may also allow the use ofpixel binning, which may sacrifice imaging resolution but enhanceimaging performance in low light. Each of these advantages can be usedto take higher-resolution and sharper images with less noise, even inlow light conditions. Optical image stabilization can also have numeroussettings depending on the use case, and can be used to reduce the motionblur induced from the intended and user-directed motion of the camera.Optical image stabilization can also be used to reduce unwanted camerashake. Additionally, the use of a rear facing flash (e.g., visible orinfrared) can be used to illuminate the scene in a poorly litenvironment as well as shift the color balance.

However, the rear camera has the disadvantage of not readily offeringvisual feedback of the digital input. When using the rear camera fordigital capture, the screen may be facing away from the user. This meansthat there may not be a screen interface directly accessible to the useras she is collecting/capturing the digital input. That said, a mobiledevice can interact with a user by employing various methods other than(or In addition) to visual feedback that the face is centered on thescreen. Assessment platform 101 may prompt sensors and computation of animage capture device 103 to ensure that an image capture device 103 isheld in a correct position in order to capture an appropriate scaleinput series of images, videos, depth sensor input, etc. Assessmentplatform 101 may use or prompt use of face detection to ensure that auser's face is centered within an imaging area at the beginning ofimaging capture for digital input. Assessment platform 101 may furtheruse or prompt use of a face detection method during capture (e.g., as areal-time analysis) and after capture (e.g., as review data) to ensurethat the user's face or calibration target (e.g., a credit card)remained within the imaging field of view during the entire captureprocess. Assessment platform 101 may further interrogate or prompt useof a gyroscope to ensure the image capture device 103 is in the correctposition (within a programmable range) to initiate capture, as wellmonitoring said gyroscope during capture or analyzing recorded dataafter capture to ensure the capture process stayed within acceptableparameters. Assessment platform 101 may also use or prompt use of anaccelerometer can be used to ensure that image capture device 103 wasindeed moved by the user in the prompted direction, and detect duringcapture if it was moved too fast or vibrated too much that it wouldresult in imaging motion blur. Further, assessment platform 101 mayprompt use of a vision sensor to determine the direction of motion of adigital capture via face detection and pose-estimation. The combinationof these inputs can be used to create an algorithm that may provide anerror-free or fault-tolerant capture process.

Flash (visible, infrared, or from illuminating the screen of the imagecapture device 103) may also be used to contract the pupils in order tomake them higher contrast and easier to detect with computer visionmethods (Hough, etc.). Selecting the right color of light can also helpin the detection of the edges of the iris a well as the pupil. Moreover,the use of a flash or other source of illumination can also help todetect the corneal reflection (e.g., as in Purkinje images).

The scenario where a user/calibration target moves and the cameraremains stationary with the background remaining relatively stable anduniform can have a few advantages and disadvantages. Keeping a camerastationary and moving the object(s) (e.g., face and calibration target)may be suitable for a fixed-position capture sensor in a retailenvironment (e.g., fixed mount camera), as well as a setup where a usercan hold a sensor still while moving his/her face along with acalibration target (e.g., a credit card).

One advantage of a stationary camera is that it results in a uniformbackground, which can aid with background rejection, since theidentification of the user may be the area of the image(s) that ismoving/different across frames. An image can be taken before the user isin the scene to fully-capture the entirety of the background (such as ina fixed-mount scenario). Additionally, if playing back the image for theuser, it may be more natural and pleasing to view a series of images orvideo of a stationary background and a moving subject rather than amoving camera. Too much camera movement around a stationary object (andthus a moving background) can be disorientating/unpleasant to view. Ifbrute-force photogrammetry methods are to be used to 3D reconstruct thescene from the 2D images, assessment platform 101 may use a mask in eachimage (e.g., specific to each image) in order to isolate the subjectfrom the background and then remove the background in order to notconfuse such an algorithm (e.g., the subject may be moving relative tothe background, which may mean from the perspective of the solved camerapositions, the subject is stationary but the background is moving).

Using a mask to isolate a subject from background and remove thebackground may involve an additional level of complexity that can takelonger to process and can introduce errors, especially at the boundariesof the mask. For example, if the mask is too tight, it can crop outuseful information of the subject that is necessary to performsubsequent image analysis, 3D reconstruction, or ultimatemeasurements/scale. If the mask is too loose, it may leave behindportions of the background, the presence of which can confuse the 3Dreconstruction algorithm.

One disadvantage of this setup of a stationary camera and moving user isthe unintended motions that can be captured. When a user is asked tomove, there may be intended (e.g., instructed) motions captured, as wellas unintended motions introduced (e.g., twitching, other unwanted facialmovements, unwanted eye movement, and undesired relative motion betweenthe face and the calibration target). Furthermore, it may be extremelydifficult for a user to keep his eyes focused precisely straight aheadwhile his face is moving. As a natural reaction, eyes tend to lock focuson an object and track for a short while, then re-position quickly andre-lock focus on a new object. Eye movement may not only introduce blur,but also break any assumptions of a stationary object in a 3Doptimization (e.g., motion of a user with a stationary camera can besolved as if the user was stationary and the camera was moving). Askinga user to remain still while moving can introduce undesirablemicro-movements of the face (e.g., twitching, nose motion, mouthmovement, blinking, etc.). The micro-movements can cause motion blur and3D optimization disagreement. Also, it is naturally difficult for a userto not have relative movement between his face and a calibration target.Asking a user to move slowly and steadily is often a challenge when theyhave to hold an object against their face as it is not a natural motion.This natural inability makes any analysis and optimization harder, witha larger number of images needing to be rejected. The more images thatagree, the higher the degree of confidence and the better the accuracyof the reconstruction and any derived measurements/scale.

In one embodiment, assessment platform 101 may account for the naturalreaction by instructing a user to defocus her eyes (e.g., gocross-eyed). While this method can keep eyes straight ahead while theface is moving, any derived Pd measurement may be affected. Another wayto mitigate the disadvantage is to instead track points around the eye.Unlike the pupils/eyes, these points may be unaffected as the user movesher face.

Asking a user/calibration target to remain stationary and instead askingthe user to move the camera may have advantages with respect to userexperience and compliance with instructions. First, in this scenario, itmay be easier for a user to fix his/her eyes on a stationarypoint/object in the distance and maintain said focus during the entirecapture. This may allow for a more accurate capture of stationary pupilsfocused far away (essentially focused at infinity), which may improvethe accuracy of measurements for pupillary distance. In addition,stationary eyes may be a high-contrast circular object, which thosefamiliar in the field of computer vision will recognize as an objectthat can easily and accurately detected/refined in one or more imagesusing various detector/descriptors such as Scale Invariant FeatureTransform (SIFT), Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF), GradientLocalization Oriented Histogram (GLOH), DAISY, Oriented FAST and rotatedBRIEF (ORB), Binary Robust Invariant Scalable Keypoints (BRISK),Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), etc.

Secondly, moving the image capture device 103 (e.g., smartphone camera)while keeping the face and calibration target (e.g., a credit card)stationary may also result in a higher likelihood of reduced/eliminatedrelative motion between the card and the face. This may be true if thecard (or other object) is touching the face, as the contact point mayserve as an anchor and reduce the normal micro-movements/shaking thathumans introduce when attempting to hold an object stationary in spacewithout resting said object against another stationary object. However,if the other stationary object is indeed moving (as is the earlierexample of the face and card moving while the camera is fixed), theremay be additional unwanted relative motion. In this setup if the face isstationary and the card held in contact with the face yields, theresultant digital capture may be far more stable. As already described,less motion may result in less motion blur, and less challenges with 3Doptimization due to reduced/eliminated relative motion between the faceand card.

In addition, having a stationary user/calibration target and a movingcamera may have advantages with respect to the background; specifically,it may mean the user/calibration target/background are all stationarywith respect to the camera. Therefore, there may be a lessened need fora mask for the purposes of performing an accurate 3D reconstruction, andbrute-force photogrammetry methods are more suitable to be used.Assessment platform 101 may still use a mask to speed up the processingby isolating the subject and eliminating a large number of pixels(background) that are not material to the problem at hand, but such amask can be looser fitting so as to not accidentally crop useful area ofthe subject. However, the viewing of said series of images/video mayhave a lot of motion of not just the subject, but also the background,and the farther away objects in the background, the moremotion/displacement in adjacent frames, which can be unpleasant to view.

Whether asking a user/calibration to move relative to a stationary imagecapture device or asking a user/calibration target to remain stationaryrelative to a moving image capture device, the assessment platform 101may provide a user with prompts, cues, or instructions for capturingdigital input. It may be difficult and confusing to tell the user in asuccinct and easily-understood manner precisely how slow the systemwould require they move in order to achieve proper exposure given thelighting conditions. Moving too slow may be difficult for users tocomply with, as it is awkward and tiring. It may be easier to tell theuser to simply move slowly, and prompt the system to assess the user'smovements via its sensor inputs (imaging, accelerometer(s),gyroscope(s), etc.). For example, an image capture device may beprompted to assess, based on sensor input during image/digital inputcapture, how the user interpreted the instruction to “move slowly” andtranslated that into an acceleration and velocity.

Assessment platform 101 may further provide a quality analysis ofcaptured digital input, e.g., an image quality analysis. One aspect ofreceiving digital capture may include detecting whether received digitalcapture meets a (pre-determined) quality threshold for generating ascaled reconstruction of an object of unknown size. The qualitythreshold may be pre-determined and dependent on the usage for thescaled reconstruction. For example, if an object of the scaledreconstruction needs only to be a general representation, e.g., a modelof a human face for display or illustration, the quality threshold valuemay be a lower value than a quality threshold value for a scaledreconstruction that will have a functional use, e.g., a model of a humanface that will approximate how eyewear actually fits and feels for aparticular user.

If captured digital input is acceptable (e.g., meets or exceeds aquality threshold) for generating a scaled reconstruction, assessmentplatform 101 may generate interactive prompts may communicating asuccessful capture. If the digital capture is deemed unacceptable (e.g.,does not meet the quality threshold), assessment platform 101 maygenerate interactive prompts that inform a user of unsuccessful capture.Further, assessment platform 101 may provide prompts that iterativelyfacilitate successful capture. For example, if quality analysis ofassessment platform 101 detects that a captured digital input has toomuch motion blur or graininess to be accepted, assessment platform 101may automatically request an even slower capture via on-screen, audio,and/or visual prompts and/or pacing. If assessment platform 101determines that the user moved too slow for captured digital input to besuccessful, it may be likely the exposure was too short (and hence theISO setting was too high in order to achieve proper exposure), andgraininess/noise may have been introduced in the image(s) as a result.In this scenario, assessment platform 101 may prompt the user to repeatthe capture at the same pace as before, but this time prompt imagecapture device 103 to slow the exposure to achieve a better imagecapture, with the assumption the motion during the repeat attempt willbe the same. By assessing the captured images (and/or leveragingtracking), and/or analyzing the accelerometer and/or gyroscope data,assessment platform 101 may adjust the exposure and ISO of each frame orseries of frames in real-time in order to compensate for changes inacceleration and velocity of an object of unknown size (e.g., a user'sface) and/or camera introduced by the user as part of the captureprocess.

In one embodiment, assessment platform 101 may mitigate imaging motionblur using optical image stabilization and/or software imagestabilization, both of which can be enhanced through the simultaneousanalysis of the accelerometer and gyroscope data. Additionally,assessment platform 101 may configure an imaging sensor (e.g., of imagecapture device 103) to capture short duration exposures (and adjust theISO sensitivity to ensure proper exposure). This can ensure motion blurthat minimized or eliminated. Assessment platform 101 may also initiateuse of a (front or rear) flash to provide an additional source ofillumination, which may allow an even shorter duration exposure or alower ISO setting (to reduce graininess). Motion blur may further bereduced using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor data and advancedblur-reduction algorithms that leverage IMU inputs.

Alternately or in addition, assessment platform 101 may provide a pacingguide (e.g., via display 105) to a user. The pacing guide may mitigatemotion blur. For example, the pacing guide may provide a fixed pace orfrequency, or dynamic based on the needs of the imaging sensor(s) ormotion of the user or camera(s). Pacing can be communicated to the uservia the feedback mechanisms, such as via audio, vibration, haptic,on-screen, flash, indicator light, or via a secondary device. Forexample, an audio beat at a specific frequency (e.g., every second) canhelp slow, steady, and regulate a user's motion. In addition, assessmentplatform 101 may provide instructions to a user on how many beats orseconds it should take to move from one pre-defined (orpre-communicated) position to another. The assessment platform 101 mayprompt use of one or a combination of sensors (imaging, single ormulti-axis accelerometer, single or multi-axis gyroscope sensors ofimage capture device 103) to determine the user's compliance with theinstructed speed of motion and adjust the beat accordingly. The speed ofmotion may also be adjusted based on the lighting conditions of thescene. For example, in low light, in order to achieve an acceptableexposure without excessive image graininess, noise, or other unwantedartifacts due to a compensating high ISO setting, it may be preferablefor the motion of the user or of the imaging apparatus to be slowed.Providing a slower beat to the user can help the user achieve thenecessary motion the system requires to capture digital input ofsufficient quality to generate a scaled reconstruction.

The assessment platform 101 may further control the abilities of imagingsensors (e.g., of imaging device 103) on a collective level. Forexample, many imaging sensors also have the ability to leverage theentire sensor or a cropped portion thereof. For example, a 4:3 aspectsensor may have the ability to capture an image or video at a landscape16:9 aspect ratio, and it may do so by ignoring those pixels that wouldbe above and below the 16:9 rectangle that would be formed by centeringand maximizing said rectangle inside the sensor's 4:3 rectangle outline.This may mean the field of view would be minimized. However, whenrecording a scale video or series of images, it may be advantageous torecord the maximum field of view so as to not discard imaging data thatmay be valuable. For example, the larger the field of view recorded, theless likely it is for a user to inadvertently move out of view(especially if using the rear camera, with the display pointing away).The assessment platform 101 may direct sensors to adjust or maintain afield of view. Alternately or in addition, assessment platform 101 maydecide whether or not to lock or allow to automatically adjust any ofthe following variables during capture: exposure, ISO, white balance,focus, optical image stabilization, software image stabilization,resolution, pixel binning, frame rate.

In one embodiment, performance and accuracy of landmark detection of theobject of unknown size (e.g., a user's face) and calibration target(e.g., a credit card) across adjacent images or video frames can beimproved by leveraging tracking methods. This can be applied to thescenario in which the face/card moves and the camera(s) may bestationary, in the scenario in which the face/card is stationary and thecamera(s) moves, or in the situation where all objects/camera(s) (or asubset of these) are moving. Tracking can be further improved byanalyzing simultaneously recorded and synchronized accelerometer andgyroscope data. Assessment platform 101 may employ tracking methods topredict where landmarks correctly detected in one image are likely toappear in an adjacent image, based on an understanding of prior motion(as assessed in prior image pairs) as well as from analyzingaccelerometer and gyroscope data. Such prediction can improve processingspeed and accuracy because only a small portion of the next image needsto be searched for each landmark, rather than the entire image.Accordingly, assessment platform 101 may employ analytics to offerpredictive capabilities for landmark detections of an object of unknownsize and calibration target.

In one embodiment, assessment platform 101 may scale an object ofunknown size using an analysis of synchronized image data, accelerometerdata, and gyroscope data (or any input data known to those in the fieldas sensor fusion). In some cases, assessment platform 101 may performhis scaling without a calibration target. By leveraging known camera (orcameras) intrinsic parameters, comparing the motion of detectedlandmarks across frames as the subject or camera moves, and analyzingthe synchronized accelerometer and gyroscope data, assessment platform101 may simultaneously solve for the camera distance from the subjectand the size and scale of the detected object or features within theimages.

Alternately or in addition, assessment platform 101 may work with depthsensors or multi-camera sensors. Doing so may speed up processing andincrease accuracy. Depending on the type of depth sensor used, some mayprovide depth in units of known scale, while others may give results inunknown scale. Regardless of the type of depth sensor used, depthinformation provided will vastly speed up processing time, increaseaccuracy, lessen the number of images needed, and simplify the userexperience.

In one embodiment, assessment platform 101 may receive intrinsic cameraparameters that may be solved for prior to a digital capture, in acalibrated environment. However, due to the manufacturing tolerancesinherent in any mass-manufactured image sensor and due to the shortfocal lengths common among imaging sensors in mobile devices, there canbe a variation in camera intrinsics across the same make and model ofimaging sensors in user's possession. The methods described herein canbe used to not only scale the measurements of a user (or any object) dueto the presence of an object of known size (e.g., a calibration target),they can also be used to simultaneously calibrate and solve for thecamera intrinsic parameters of each imaging sensor used.

In summary, assessment platform 101 may analyze multiple images andsolve in 3D. In doing so, the disclosed systems and methods may enablesub-pixel accuracy not achievable from 2D scaling. Further, the presentsystems and methods may yield and determine measurements with aconfidence and level of precision beyond what a single image can yield,due to the resolution or optical limitations of sensors. Leveragingmultiple images, especially from slightly different perspectives, canexceed these limitations.

The assessment platform 101 may be configured to connect to a network109 or other systems for communicating and transferring data. In oneembodiment, network 109 may provide communication between one or moreimage capture devices, displays, and/or input devices, and theassessment platform 101. For example, network 109 may be a bus and/orother hardware connecting one or more of components and modules of oneor more image capture devices, displays, and/or input devices, and theassessment platform 101. Alternately or in addition, the assessmentplatform 101 may be configured to include the image capture device 103,one or more other image capture devices, the display 105, one or moreother displays, input devices, and/or a combination thereof. Theassessment platform 101 may include or be in communication with anycombination of image capture devices, displays, input devices, or othercomputer system(s). In some embodiments, a user or an eyewearprofessional may be in communication with or inputting data intoassessment platform 101. Such data may include user anatomy and/orviewing habits.

The disclosed systems and methods further describe scaling a virtualmodel of a human face in order to produce a physical, tangible customproduct with the correct physical scale. In one embodiment,manufacturing system 107 may receive a customized eyewear model (e.g.,including parameters for ordering customized eyewear (frames and/orlenses) and user information e.g., via a network 109 or other form ofelectronic communication. The manufacturing system 107 may then producea physical version of the customized product based on the modeledcustomized eyewear and/or prompt the delivery of the customized productto the user. In one embodiment, manufacturing system 107 may receivemanufacturing instructions (e.g., from assessment platform 101), themanufacturing instructions may be based on a reconstruction of anobject, scaled using the methods disclosed herein. Manufacturing system107 may also translate a scaled reconstruction of an object intomanufacturing instructions. In one embodiment, the manufacturing system107 may produce a physical customized eyewear product based on a scaledmodel of a customized eyewear product and/or prompt the delivery of thecustomized product to the user. Manufacturing customized eyewear isdescribed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 9,304,332 filed Aug. 22, 2014,entitled “Method and System to Create Custom, User-Specific Eyewear,”which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In one embodiment where a single mobile device operates the assessmentplatform 101, an image capture capability, and a display capability, theassessment platform 101, image capture device 103, and/or display 105may communicate via a processor in a single user's mobile device.Alternately or in addition the assessment platform 101, image capturedevice 103, and/or display 105, and/or the manufacturing system 107 maycommunicate via network 109. In one embodiment, network 109 may includethe Internet, providing communication through one or more computers,servers, and/or handheld mobile devices, including the variouscomponents of system 100. For example, network 109 may provide a datatransfer connection between the various components, permitting transferof data including, e.g., a user's information, optical measurementinformation, anatomic information, customized parametric model,aesthetic preferences for eyewear, prescription, etc. Alternatively orin addition, network 109 may be a bus and/or other hardware connectingone or more of components and modules of mobile device 601, device(s),image capture device(s) 605, the assessment module 607, preview device609, and/or the manufacturing system 611.

The assessment platform 101 may be configured to connect (e.g., vianetwork 109) to other computer system(s), including but not limited toservers, remote computers, etc. The other computer system(s) may beconnected to or in control of the manufacturing system 107. In oneembodiment, manufacturing system 107 may receive manufacturinginstructions (e.g., from assessment platform 101). For example, modelsof customized eyewear determined by assessment platform 101 may beconverted into manufacturing specifications (e.g., either by theassessment platform 101, manufacturing system 107, or a combinationthereof).

FIG. 2A depicts an exemplary scaled anatomic model 200, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, assessmentplatform 101 may receive an anatomic model of a user, who may upload,input, and/or transfer his or her anatomic data to assessment platform101 via digital input. For example, a user may transfer one or moreimages and/or a video of his/her facial features to the assessmentplatform 101, e.g., from another computer system or an image capturedevice. In some scenarios, the assessment platform 101 may furtherreceive measurement input by a user, e.g., the assessment platform 101may provide a display including one or more prompts or instructions,guiding a user to submit various forms of anatomic data. In an exemplaryembodiment, the assessment platform 101 may generate an anatomic modelof the user based on the digital input and/or measurement data of theuser's anatomy.

Scaled anatomic model 200 may be comprised of a mesh 201. The resolutionof the mesh 201 may be altered based on curvature, location, and/orfeatures on the user's face, etc. For example, mesh 201 around the eyesand nose may be higher resolution than mesh 201 at the top of the head.In an exemplary embodiment, the anatomic model 200 may include the frontand side face area, though in other embodiments, the anatomic model 200may model the entire head, while including more detail at the modeledeyes and nose. Alternative representations may include point clouds,distance maps, image volumes, or vectors.

In one embodiment, local facial deformation can occur as a user'sexpression changes during capture of digital input. This may be due touser smiling or talking during the capture. The exemplary systems andmethods disclosed herein may anticipate and account for local facialdeformation during capture of digital input and robustly reconstruct a3D face by tracking these facial deformations and non-rigidly morphing areconstructed 3D face mesh to align with the image data of the digitalinput. The non-rigid deformation to align with a subject's face may beperformed independent of a learned 3D shape space model (e.g., of a thesubject's face), and need not be constrained by it. Effectively, thismeans that facial deformations need not be modeled by the 3D shape spacemodel and can be handled by the disclosed systems and methods. In thisway, the assessment platform 101 may produce accurate scaling despiteany facial deformation not seen by the pre-trained (or learned) 3D shapespace model. In some cases, the same process of non-rigid 3D face meshdeformation may be performed both for a selfie (e.g., a first image datainput that permits 3D reconstruction of a user's face) and a scale videocapture (e.g., a second image data input (e.g., a video) with an objectof known size). The 3D face mesh and reconstructed 3D object may then beused to produce the scaled anatomic model 200.

In an exemplary embodiment, a generalized quantitative anatomic modelmay be distorted to fit the user's face, e.g., based on anatomic datainput by the user. The model 200 may be parameterized and represented asa mesh, with various mesh points affected by adjusting parameters. Forexample, mesh 201 may include various mesh elements, such that oneparameter may constrain or influence another parameter. For example, aparameter (e.g., user expression) may influence the length 203 of mouthfeature 205, the height of cheek feature 207, and by extension, theportion of lenses of a custom eyewear product that a user may be lookingthrough. In this example, if the parameter influencing length 203 wereadjusted, then the appropriate elements of the mouth 205 and cheekfeature 207 (and lens portion) would adjust coordinates in order tomatch the parameter specified. Other models, e.g., a shape model, mayhave generalized parameters like principal components that do notcorrespond to particular features but allow the generalized anatomicmodel to be adapted to a plurality of different face sizes and shapes.

In one embodiment, a computer system (e.g., assessment platform 101) mayanalyze received digital input/image data to iteratively perform asequence of feature detection, pose estimation, alignment, and modelparameter adjustment. A face detection and pose estimation algorithm maybe used to determine a general position and direction the face ispointing toward, which may aid in model position and alignment. Machinelearning methods may be used to train a classifier for detecting a faceas well as determining the pose of the head in an image that ispost-processed to define various features, including but not limited toHaar-Like or Local Binary. Training datasets may include of images offaces in various poses that are annotated with the location of the faceand direction of pose, and also include specific facial features. Theoutput may include a location of the face in an image and a vector ofthe direction of head orientation, or pose.

The assessment platform 101 may further receive or detect the 3Dposition and 3D angle and/or 3D orientation (e.g., rotation, tilt, roll,yaw, pitch, etc.) of an imaging device relative to the user, whilecapturing the received image data. In one embodiment, the positionand/or orientation of the imaging device may be transmitted to theassessment platform 101, e.g., as part of the image data. In anotherembodiment, the position and/or orientation of the imaging device may bedetected from the image data.

In one embodiment, the assessment platform 101 may iteratively definemore detailed facial features relevant to eyewear placement and generalface geometry, e.g., eye location, pupil and/or iris location, noselocation and shape, ear location, top of ear location, mouth cornerlocation, chin location, face edges, etc. Machine learning may be usedto analyze the image to detect facial features and edges. In oneembodiment, the generalized quantitative anatomic model parameters maybe aligned and adjusted to the detected/located facial features,minimizing the error between the detected feature location and the mesh.Additional optimization of the generalized quantitative anatomic modelmay be performed to enhance the local refinement of the model using thetexture information in the image.

In an exemplary embodiment, the generalized quantitative anatomic modelmay include parameters that influence features including but not limitedto eye location, eye size, face width, cheekbone structure, earlocation, ear size, brow size, brow position, nose location, nose widthand length and curvature, feminine/masculine shapes, age, etc. Anestimation of the error between the detected features and model may beused to quantify convergence of the optimization. Small changes betweenadjacent images in a dataset (e.g., from video image data) may be usedto refine pose estimation and alignment of the model with the imagedata. The process may iterate to subsequent image frames.

Those skilled in the art will recognize there are many ways to constructand represent quantitative information from a set of image data. Inanother embodiment, a user quantitative anatomic model may be generatedwithout a generalized anatomic model. For example, the assessmentplatform 101 may use structure from motion (SFM) photogrammetry todirectly build a quantitative anatomic model. The features detected inmultiple images, and the relative distances between the features fromimage-to-image may be used to construct a 3D representation. A methodthat combines a generalized shape model with subsequent local SFMrefinement may be utilized to enhance local detail of features, e.g., auser's nose shape.

In another embodiment, user quantitative anatomic model may include apoint cloud of key features that are detected. For example, theassessment platform 101 may detect and track facial landmarks/featuresthrough one or more images. Exemplary facial landmarks/features mayinclude the center of the eyes, corners of the eyes, tip of the nose,top of the ears, etc. These simple points, oriented in space in adataset, may provide quantitative information for subsequent analyses.The point cloud quantitative information may be obtained using themethods previously mentioned, or with other methods, e.g., activeappearance models or active shape models.

Technologies including depth cameras or laser sensors may be used toacquire the image data, and directly produce 3D models (e.g., a 3Dscanner), by their ability to detect distance. Additionally, the use ofout of focus areas or the parallax between adjacent images may be usedto estimate depth. Additionally, data acquired via a depth sensor may becombined with images/image data captured from an image sensor, and thetwo datasets may be combined via the methods described herein in orderto refine and achieve a higher-accuracy face mesh and/or camerapositions/orientations.

Alternatively, the user quantitative anatomic model and dimensions maybe derived from a pre-existing model of the user's face. Models may beacquired from 3D scanning systems or imaging devices. The assessmentplatform 101 may receive user anatomic models via digital transfer fromthe user, e.g., by non-transitory computer readable media, a networkconnection, or other means.

FIG. 2B depicts an exemplary parametric model 220 of a user-specificcustom eyewear product, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Assessment platform 101 may obtain or generate at least oneparametric model of a user-specific eyewear product including a frameportion and a lens portion. Assessment platform 101 may furthertransform the parametric model of the user-specific eyewear product intoreal-world dimensions, based on a scaled anatomic model.

FIG. 2B includes various examples of configurations and shapes that maybe achieved by changing one or more of parameters of the parametricmodel 220. The parametric model 220 may include a representation of theeyewear product that may be modified to alter properties, includingshape, size, color, finish, etc. The parametric model 220 may be adaptedto a variety of shapes, sizes, and configurations to fit a diversity offace shapes and sizes. For example, nose pads of an initial parametricmodel of the eyewear product may not match the contour of the user'snose (e.g., from a user anatomic model). The initial parametric modelmay instead intersect with the surface of the nose if the initialparametric model is aligned with or overlaid over the user anatomicmodel. The assessment platform 101 may configure or modify the initialparametric model such that the nose pads match the contour and angle ofthe user's nose from the user anatomic model, e.g., the nose pads aremodified to sit flush against the surface of the modeled user's nose. Insome embodiments, parametric model 220 may be generated directly fromuser anatomic data, without obtaining an initial (e.g., generic)parametric model and modifying the initial model based on the useranatomic data. For example, parametric model 220 may be generated with aprovided 3D model of the user's face/anatomic measurements of the user'sface, with a 3D mesh or point cloud (e.g., from a depth sensor), and/oranother method where a parametric model may be generated withoutmodifying a pre-existing one.

In some embodiments, the parametric model 220 may enable adjustment ofat least one parameter, while allowing constraints to be enforced onother parameters so the model may be locally adapted, for example, byadjusting the width and angle of the nose pads on the customized eyewearproduct without changing anything else about the eyewear product. FIG.2B shows exemplary parametric model 220 configured to 16 variations. Theexemplary configurations depict variations of eyewear lens width 223,lens height 225, nose bridge width 227, the distance 229 between thetemples where the earpieces of the frame may contact a user's ears, thedistance 231 from the front of the frame to the user's ears, and otherminor dimensions. In the illustrated embodiment, the material thicknessand hinge size and location may remain unchanged. The parametricconfiguration may enable the eyewear design to be highly configurablewhile remaining manufacturable. For example, a manufacturer may use onehinge design and a single selected material thickness for all thesedesigns and more, yet still allow massive customization of theunderlying shape and size.

The parametric model 220 may include constraints that prevent certainparts/regions from being altered into a design that is no longer optimalto manufacture. For example, the minimum thickness of parts may belimited to ensure structural strength, and the minimum thickness aroundthe lenses may be limited to ensure the lenses can be assembled into theeyewear without the eyewear breaking or the lenses not being securewithin the frame. Furthermore, the hinge locations and optical surfaceof the lenses may be constrained to ensure that the modeled eyewearwould fit and sit at a proper angle for a user. Additionally, certainfeatures may be related due to symmetry or cascading effects; forexample, if the computer or user adjusted the width or thickness of onepart of the rim, the entire rim on both sides may adjust to ensure asymmetric and attractive appearance. The cascading effects may take intoaccount how symmetry to the frame extends or does not extend to thelenses. For example, two lenses in an eyewear frame may vary based onwhat each lens corrects. A parametric model 220 may be configured suchthat the thickness of the frames is adjusted according to the thicker ofthe two lenses, so that the resulting eyewear remains feeling balancedto the user, even though a frame of a lesser thickness may be sufficientto contain the thinner of the two lenses. Parametric models may begenerated and customized using any of the systems and methods describedin detail in U.S. Pat. No. 9,304,332, filed Aug. 22, 2014, entitled“Method and System to Create Custom, User-Specific Eyewear,” which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The customized parametric model 220 be generated as a physical product,based on an accurately scaled anatomic model (e.g., model 200). Withimproper scaling, a physical version of the customized parametric model220 may have the geometric dimensions customized to a user (e.g., withnose pads that match the contour and angle of a user's nose, or anearpiece matching the contours and different heights of a user's ears),but overall be the wrong size. For example, manufacturing instructionsbased on 2D scaling could render a physical product too small to be wornby the user. Accordingly, the 3D scaling methods disclosed herein arecrucial to transforming a virtual product into real-world dimensions togenerate a physical product.

In addition to geometry, the parametric model 220 may include parametersfor the surface finish, color, texture, and other cosmetic properties.Parametric model 220 may include or be rendered with a multitude ofmaterials, paints, colors, and surface finishes. Various renderingtechniques known to those skilled in the art, such as ray tracing, maybe used to render the eyewear and lenses in a photorealistic manner,showing how the eyewear of the parametric model 220 may appear whenmanufactured. For example, parametric model 220 may be texture mappedwith an image to represent the surface or rendered with texture,lighting, and surface properties, including reflectance, transmission,sub-surface scattering, surface, or roughness to representphoto-realistic appearance of eyewear. Textures used for reflection maybe based on generic environment maps, or they may be generated from datacaptured by an image capture device. Environmental lighting parametersmay be extracted from the data captured by the image capture device andused to render the frame and lenses with the same lighting parameters sothat the frames and lenses appear more realistic in rendered previews.

The parametric model 220 may further include such lighting and surfaceproperties for lenses of the parametric model 220, based on the lenscurvature, thickness, lens material, lens gradation, corrective aspects,etc. Corrective aspects may include whether the lenses are lenses tocorrect astigmatism, presbyopia, myopia, etc. The lens portion of theparametric model 220 may contain multi-focal lenses, which may includeat least two regions of optical correction, e.g., bifocals, trifocals,progressive, or digitally compensated progressives. For instance, theparametric model 220 may further be adapted so that the lens dimensionsfit optical corrections and/or preferences of a user. In one scenario,in addition to the lenses of the parametric model 220 modeling bifocalor progressive multifocal lenses, the placement of the various lenspowers of the lenses may vary based on the user's preferences and use ofthe customized eyewear. Like the modifications to the parametric model220 that account for the user's anatomy, modifications to the parametricmodel 220 that serve optical purposes may also enable adjustment of atleast one parameter, while constraining other parameters. For example,while the positioning of the magnified reading area within the lensshape may be user-specific for the user's preferences and viewinghabits, the actual magnification of this lens section and the gradations(if any) between magnified areas may be constrained.

The parametric model 220 may also account for lens characteristics, forexample, in a display shown to a user. For example, one embodiment mayinclude displaying the parametric model 220 on a user interface. Forinstance, a display of the parametric model 220 may include theaesthetic aspects of the eyeglass (frame and lenses), as well as asimulation of the effects of looking through the lenses, e.g., lightdistortion, or unmagnified distance and magnified reading areas,peripheral distortion (unwanted astigmatism) of a particular progressivelens design and combination of lens/frame parameters, tint (solid,gradient, and photochromatic), edge thickness, the effects of edgelenticularization, etc.

Another exemplary simulation may also include displaying how a user maylook to others, while wearing the eyewear of the parametric model 220.For example, if the lenses may cause a user's eyes to look smaller to aperson seeing the user, the simulation may show the distortion to theuser's eyes. Other optical interaction effects, e.g., shadows andreflections, can be displayed on the eyewear and on a 3D model of theuser's face (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2A). The calculated thickness of theusers lens can also be rendered, in order to allow the user to determineif a higher index (and therefore thinner and more aestheticallypleasing) lens would be appropriate. The parametric model 220 mayinclude hinge points at the temples to allow the temples to flex withrespect to the frame front and fit to a model of the user's face. Inanother embodiment, the parametric model 220 may also account for anelastic modulus (stretch) in the bulk material property of the frameand/or lens, and this elastic property can be dependent on the framematerial or lens material selected.

FIG. 3 depicts a flowchart of an exemplary method 300 of a generalembodiment of generating a reconstruction for an object of unknown size,based on an object of known size (e.g., a calibration target), accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure. Method 300 may be performed,for example, by a processor on a mobile device (e.g., assessmentplatform 101 and/or image capture device 103 of FIG. 1 ). Method 300 mayinclude interplay between three primary components: digital input, a 3Dreconstruction of an object of known size (e.g., a calibration target),and a 3D reconstruction of an object to be measured. Method 300comprises the steps for scaling of the object of unknown size based onthe 3D measurements of the object of known size once both are in thesame 3D coordinate system. Digital input may include but is not limitedto the following examples: a series of images from a singular imagesensor taken from different camera positions, a video taken fromdifferent camera positions, a series of images or a video taken fromdifferent perspectives with depth information included, a 3D point cloudcaptured from a depth or 3D sensor, a series of images from multiple 2Dsensors, a video captured from multiple 2D sensors, etc.

The object of known size may comprise any object which may have commonlyknown dimensions, for example, a credit card (and/or the magnetic stripeof a credit card). The calibration target (e.g., a three-dimensional(“3D”) reconstruction of the object of known size) may be of known size,scale, and geometry. For example, calibration target comprising athree-dimensional reconstruction of the credit card may be aparameterized three-dimensional reconstruction since it of known size,scale, and 3D geometry. The calibration target may be detected andpositioned accurately in 3D space based on the digital input.

The object of unknown size (e.g., a user's face) may be reconstructed in3D and scaled based on 3D measurements of the calibration target. In oneembodiment, the object of unknown size may include a user's face, atleast a portion of the user's face, or at least a portion of the user'sanatomy. Assessment platform 101 may obtain an anatomic model of auser's anatomy. The anatomic model may include but is not limited to aparametric or shape model, a 3D mesh or point cloud, or a set of pointsor measurements.

In one embodiment, step 301 may include receiving digital inputcomprising a calibration target and an object (e.g., of unknown size).Step 303 may include defining a three-dimensional coordinate system.Step 305 may include positioning the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system. One embodiment may include using a3D model of the object (of unknown scale or size) that has already beengenerated but is of unknown or improper scale. In this scenario, the 3Dmodel of the object may be aligned to digital input (e.g., inputreceived in step 301) in order to correctly position the object in 3Dspace relative to the calibration target in 3D space (e.g., as definedby the 3D coordinate system in step 303).

Step 307 may include using the digital input to align the object to thecalibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system. Once bothobjects are in the same 3D coordinate system, the object of unknownscale can be scaled based on measurements of the calibration target. Inparticular, each object may be independently reconstructed (or aligned)in 3D space, and in one embodiment, one image from the digital input maybe used for the aligning step of step 307. For example, step 307 mayinclude identifying, using the image, the 3D location of the calibrationtarget and the 3D location of the object of unknown size, and detectingthe 3D locations with respect to/relative each other at the moment ofcapture of the image. Step 307 may then include using the relative 3Dlocations shown by the image to position the calibration target and theobject of unknown size in a single 3D coordinate system. In other words,step 307 may include using relative positions shown by received digitalinput to position the calibration target and the object of unknown sizein the same 3D coordinate system. Once the calibration target and theobject of unknown size are aligned/positioned in the same 3D coordinatesystem, step 307 may proceed to measuring the calibration target and theobject of unknown size with respect to the other in 3D space and thendetermining a scaling factor between the calibration target and theobject of unknown size. In one embodiment, the image described above mayinclude an image with a short exposure duration so as to freeze anymotion in time. If there are a series of images in which it isdetermined that relative motion is not occurring, all of the images inthe series of images can be used to position both in the same 3D space(so as to not introduce error from only one frame or one series ofmeasurements).

Capturing multiple images and then reconstructing in 3D has numerousadvantages over capturing a singular image. For example, it may allowfor the rejection of images that are blurred, images that have imageartifacts, images with unwanted motion, images for which an optimizationcannot find agreement as to each image's camera position in 6-degrees offreedom, etc. An optimization can involve agreement between two or moreadjacent pairs of images (e.g., pairwise relative constraints), andpairs can be selected by optimizing the acceptable angular displacementin point of view between pairs. Groups of three or more images can beanalyzed in pairs such that each image can be assessed against two ormore adjacent images, so a singular outlier image can be identified anddiscarded, ignored, or have its derived camera position refined.

Capturing multiple images can also allow for the assessment, refinement,and rejection of outlier-derived camera positions through analysis ofthe 3D reconstructed models back-projected on to each 2D image. If thecorresponding points on the 3D model deviate in 2D beyond a certainamount in pixels or another linear measurement from the detected 2Dpoints in each image, then it can be assumed that the derived cameraposition for said 2D image was incorrect and said camera position can berefined or ignored, and the optimization can be performed againincluding this new information. Various additional constraints in theart and science of computer vision, e.g., epipolar constraints, SIFT orSIFT-like pairwise relative constraints, and SURF, ORB, BRISK, or otherlearned landmarks may also be used.

Step 309 may include generating a scaled reconstruction of the objectbased on the alignment of the object to the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system. For example, step 309 may includedetermining a scaling measurement based on aligning the object to thecalibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system (e.g.,from step 307) and generating the scaled reconstruction of the objectbased on the scaling measurement.

In one embodiment, both objects may include 3D models orreconstructions. For example, method 300 may include determiningthree-dimensional measurements of the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system; and further generating the scaledreconstruction of the object based on the three-dimensional measurementsof the calibration target. Method 300 may also include receiving athree-dimensional reconstruction of the object of unknown size, aligningthe calibration target to the three-dimensional reconstruction of theobject, and generating the scaled reconstruction based on the alignmentof the calibration target to the three-dimensional reconstruction of theobject of unknown size. Alternately or in addition, method 300 mayinclude generating the three-dimensional reconstruction of the object ofunknown size. For the alignment step, method 300 may includedetermining, from the digital input, an image including the calibrationtarget and the object. Method 300 may further include determining, fromthe image, a three-dimensional location of the calibration target and athree-dimensional location of the object. Next, method 300 may includepositioning the calibration target in the three-dimensional coordinatesystem and positioning the object in the three-dimensional coordinatesystem, based on the three-dimensional location of the calibrationtarget and the three-dimensional location of the object.

Once both 3D objects are reconstructed and aligned in the samecoordinate system, measurements of the known object can be used to scaleand measure that of the other object. As a next step, the object ofunknown scale can be scaled based on 3D measurements of the calibrationtarget. Measuring in 3D may mean that the calibration target need not bein the same Z-plane as the features on the object of unknown size to bemeasured. Moreover, the calibration target need not be aligned withrespect to the object of unknown size.

In one scenario, one way to achieve a scaling measurement is to have thecalibration target and the object of unknown size (which can bemisaligned with respect to each other), remain stationary during theduration of the digital capture. However, the calibration target and theobject of unknown size can have relative motion with respect to eachother during the capture when they are simultaneously captured for thedigital input. Techniques can be used to determine this relative motionand reduce or eliminate any artifacts this face may introduce during themeasurement. (A method for capturing digital input is discussed in moredetail at FIGS. 6 and 7 .) As long as the calibration target and theobject of unknown size themselves do not change shape or size during thecapture, they can still move relative to each other during the captureand correct measurements can still be achieved.

Alternatively or in addition to method 300, projected structured lightmay be used to determine scale with or without a calibration targetshown in alongside an object of unknown size. For example, a system mayinclude a device that illuminates an object of unknown size (e.g., auser) by projecting structured light onto the scene. This structuredlight can be visible or invisible to the user, but it may be visible toone or more imaging sensor(s). The image projected onto the user can beany number of geometric patterns, e.g., dots, a checkerboard, a grid oflines, etc. The imaging sensors can capture images of this projectedpattern on the subject and analyze how the pattern distorts as it“wraps” onto the 3D geometry of the object of unknown size (e.g., theuser). Such distortion can be used to not only determine 3D depthinformation, but also scale. For example, if a checkerboard pattern isprojected onto an orthogonal plane a set distance from the projector,the observed size of each cell of the checkerboard may increase as theplane's distance from the projector increases. Such a method can be usedto determine scale with or without the presence of a calibration targetin the scene. The projected image may be the calibration target.

In yet another embodiment or alternative to method 300, scale estimationmay be performed without a calibration target (or reference object) in adigital input (e.g., a dedicated scale video). In such a scenario,inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor motion in a smartphone may beused to estimate scale by reconstructing distance traveled, based on theacceleration of the smartphone (e.g., in/during capturing the video).Error drift due to integration of acceleration at consecutive timestampsmay be minimized using local relative constraints that compel IMUobservations to be consistent for local (spatio-temporally nearby) pairsof camera poses. In particular, multiple pairs of consecutive poses maybe used to constrain the translation and rotation estimate of thesmartphone and minimize the drift in the smartphone's IMU readings dueto Gaussian white noise. In one embodiment, an exemplary method mayinclude (assessment platform 101) integrating an IMU sensor with camerameasurements by synchronizing IMU sensor data with camera data. Therelative transformation between an IMU reference frame and camerareference frame may be computed for each smartphone device (e.g., imagecapture device 103). This method may include assuming the relativetransformation to be fixed for a specific model of the smartphone.

Consistent errors due to IMU bias may be estimated via an optimizationalgorithm. The optimization algorithm, while solving for a constantscale parameter for the camera position, may also infer IMU bias andcorrect misalignment between the timestamped sensor data and the cameraimages. Pairwise relative translation and rotation constraints betweenconsecutive (or spatio-temporally nearby) images in a video may be usedto enforce fixed scale translation estimated from IMU. This translationand rotation optimized over large number of pair of camera poses maysettle to provide a mean scale assuming Gaussian white noise in thedigital input, and e.g., a fixed IMU bias. A scale estimated using thisapproach may be accurate within the range of accuracy for hand-measuredPd measurements. For example, a scale estimated using this approach maybe accurate within the range of accuracy for permissible errors requiredfor traditional/optician-measured Pd measurements.

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of an exemplary method 400 of generating ascaled reconstruction of a calibration target (in preparation forgenerating the scaled reconstruction of the object of unknown size),according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment,step 401 may include receiving and/or generating digital input includinga calibration target and an object of unknown size (e.g., a portion of auser's anatomy). In one embodiment, step 403 may include detecting theobject of unknown size within the digital input. Steps 405-409 mayinclude detecting the calibration target in one or more images of thedigital input. In one embodiment, the step of detecting the calibrationtarget may be performed by a detector specifically trained to detect thecalibration target in one or more images.

In one embodiment, step 405 may include generating a boundary (e.g., abounding box) of where the calibration target is expected to be. Forexample, the boundary may be located at a predicted location of at leasta portion of the calibration target. The boundary can vastly reduce thearea needing to be searched for detection of the calibration target. Inthis way, the boundary may not only improve detection speed, but alsoaccuracy, as any features outside this boundary may be ignored.Otherwise, image features outside the boundary could confuse acalibration target detection algorithm.

The predicted location of the calibration target may be determined basedon the detected location of the object of unknown size. The predictedlocation may further be based on an estimated pose, e.g., a position ofthe object of unknown size and position of the calibration targetrelative to the object of unknown size. For example, if a calibrationtarget comprises a credit card and an object of unknown size comprises auser's face, a pose may entail the credit card being positioned at aspecified location relative to the user's face, e.g., placing the creditcard next to a user's chin. In this way, calibration target detectioncan leverage the estimated pose of the calibration target based on theestimated pose of the face. This can further improve speed and accuracy.For example, if a credit card (calibration target) were positionedorthogonal to the face, against the front surface of the chin, andcentered horizontally with respect to the face, and the image was takenat the 30° angle off-axis from the face, the face can first beaccurately detected and the pose estimated. In other words, theestimated pose of the card in such a scenario may be assumed to be 30°off-axis and the correct or best detector (or settings for saiddetector) for this camera position. As such, pose detection may beleveraged to achieve the fastest and highest-accuracy detection of thecorners of said credit card calibration target and its magnetic stripe.In addition, the present method permits generation of a scaledreconstruction even if the calibration target (or reference object)moves or is flexible during a digital input, as long as the calibrationtarget is within the expected post (e.g., touching the user's chin orsome part of the face). Unlike prior scaling methods, the disclosedmethods are robust and stable to movement of the calibration targetbecause they use 3D digital alignment and relative dimensions ofcalibration target to the object of unknown size.

Methods to better detect and process credit card calibration targets aredescribed herein. Depending on how a user holds the card, one or morecorners of the card may be obstructed/occluded from the view of theimaging apparatus. Thus, the disclosed embodiments may employ detectionalgorithms tolerant of occlusion. Detection of the card can start with abounding box, which can be its own detector or can start with anestimated bounding box based on face pose estimation (as previouslydisclosed). This bounding box can look for the whole card, or portionsof the card; e.g., a bounding box unique to each corner of the card orcombination thereof, as well as each corner of the magnetic stripe orcombination thereof. The individual bounding boxes can be refined orconstrained based on implicit geometry constraints because the geometryof the card (or geometry of any other calibration target used) may beknown ahead of time. Step 407 may include detecting one or more featuresof the calibration target based on the generated box. For example, step407 may include feature detection of the corner(s) of the card and/orcorner(s) of a magnetic stripe of a calibration target comprising acredit card. In some embodiments, step 407 may be the first step ofmethod 400, if method 400 does not employ usage of a bounding box.Although this embodiment describes using a bounding box, any boundary orperimeter may be used.

Implicit geometry constraints may be used to help with initial detectionor refine each initial detection. Image patches that are analyzed can bescaled up or down based on image resolution so they can be executed atthe same resolution that they were trained (or inversely, the image canbe scaled up or down to match the training resolution). Furtherrefinements to the detected landmarks (or corner(s)) of the calibrationtarget can be performed via image processing techniques, e.g., circleand line detection (Hough transform, image gradients, etc.). If an imagewas down-sampled in order to match a training dataset's resolution, anoriginal full resolution image can be used for image processing toleverage the advantage of additional pixels without downsamplingartifacts. The length and width of the boundaries or bounding box(s) forimage processing can also be scaled based on resolution so the sameapproximate size in real world measurements (e.g., millimeters) can beanalyzed regardless of pixel resolution. Therefore, a higher resolutionimage may have a larger bounding box than the same image that wasdown-sampled to a lower resolution.

In one embodiment, step 409 may include generating one or moregeometrical parameters of the calibration target based on a geometricconstraint and one or more detected features. In the example of a card,vertical lines can be detected for the vertical edges of the card, andhorizontal lines can be detected not only for the top and bottom edgesof the card, but also the top and bottom edges of the magnetic stripe.Furthermore, geometry constraints on the line detection can also beapplied to aid in the line detection and refinement optimization. Forexample, most magnetic stripes are towards the top of a card, so in oneembodiment of line detection, three horizontal lines should all bedetected in an expected area. Further, since the card is a plane, thethree lines should all be parallel with respect to this plane. Yetanother scaling measurement of a credit card may include using the widthof the magnetic stripe due to its high-contrast edges and corners andthe ability for a user to hold a card without occluding the stripe. Thecorners and edges of the card can also be used in the scale calculationexclusively (without the stripe), in part, or simply as a means to aidin the refinement of the stripe detection (geometry constraints). Cardswith magnetic stripes can have different widths and positions of theirmagnetic stripe. The type of magnetic stripe on the card used can beautomatically recognized and the best card and stipe corner detectors(and geometry constraints) can be selected and utilized. In oneembodiment, data collection method 600 of FIG. 6 may include selectingand defining a card to use for the calibration target. The selection maybe based on the ease in detecting the features of the card. Datacollection method 600 may further include defining a pose for thecalibration target relative to the object of unknown size, e.g.,prompting the command, “please position the card orthogonal to the faceand do not obstruct the magnetic strip.”

In one embodiment, step 411 may include scaling the calibration targetbased on the generated geometrical parameters and the digital input.Step 413 may include generating a scaled reconstruction of thecalibration target. The object of unknown size may then be scaled andreconstructed based on the scaled reconstruction of the calibrationtarget.

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of a particular method 500 of generating ascaled reconstruction of the object of unknown size), according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. In general, detection of landmarkson the object of unknown size (e.g., a face) can leverage theupscaling/downsampling techniques described above. Alternately or inaddition (in the exemplary embodiment of a face being the object ofunknown size), detection of the face can leverage a face detection modeltrained using a selfie video/series of images or dataset one without thecalibration target present, using a different model that was re-trainedon the same video/series of images or dataset or different groundtruthdataset, or using a different model that was re-trained on the samevideo/series of images or dataset or different groundtruth datasetwithout the use of one or more landmarks that would be occluded by thepresence of a calibration target. For example, if a credit card is usedas a calibration target, and the user is instructed to hold it againsttheir chin while a video or series of images is captured, then the chinas a landmark would be occluded. Therefore, the model used for facedetection in the presence of a card can use a model which was trainedwithout the detection of the chin landmark.

Detection of face landmark(s) in the calibration dataset (e.g., seriesof images, video, or other sensor input from depth sensors,multi-camera, structured light, accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s)) in thepresence of the calibration target can be used to scale the face withrespect to the calibration target. In the example of a face being scaledvia a credit card, once the measurement in 3D space of the credit cardis complete (whether using the magnetic stripe alone, or in conjunctionwith the width and height of the card itself), the 3D face model (eitherreconstructed from the calibration dataset or an existing 3D model froma previous capture that is aligned to this dataset) can be scaled.Scaling can occur uniformly in all three dimensions, or can scaledifferently in each dimension.

In addition to scaling a 3D face model relative to the calibrationtarget, a 3D model may further be scaled relative to the position ofdetected and aligned face landmarks, e.g., a user's pupils, irises, anyother facial features or dimensions, or a combination thereof. Pupildetection in digital input (e.g., a video/series of images for scalingin the presence of a calibration target) can also be used to measure andscale both distance and near pupillary distance using the methodsdescribed herein.

In one embodiment where an object of unknown size may include a user'sface, the face can be scaled via a 3D measurement of the distancebetween the pupils. In one embodiment, step 501 may include receivingdigital input and step 503 may include detecting a user's pupil(s) inthe digital input. A user's pupils can move around and change focusduring capture, which can render their determined position in 3D spaceinaccurate. In one embodiment, step 501 may further include aligning a3D face model (or building the 3D face model) from the series of images(e.g., from digital input). Steps 503 and 505 may then include scalingthe 3D face model via pupil (positions) detected in one image. If theexposure duration for the image is kept very short, then even if thepupils are moving, they will be frozen in place in each image captured(with little to no motion blur). Alternately or in addition, step 503may include detecting one or more points around the user's eye openingand step 505 may include scaling the 3D face model based on thosepoints. In this way, eye movement within each eye socket may beimmaterial to the scaling method (as eye movement will not affectlandmarks detected outside and around the eye). Alternately or inaddition, step 503 may include detecting or generating numerous points(e.g., 4-50 points) evenly or pre-determinedly spaced around the borderof each eye opening. Step 503 may further include averaging the pointsin a two-dimensional (“2D”) or 3D space in order to achieve a “virtualpupil” which may be intolerant to eye movement. The distance between asubject's virtual pupil can be used for the purposes of scaling a facemodel. Method 500 may also be performed with scaling based on irisposition, in place of pupil position. Alternately or in addition,landmarks not at all related to the eyes may be used, such as thoserelating to the nose or ears. Any other combination of detected andaligned face landmarks can be used. Using a combination of anatomicallandmarks in scaling may provide an advantage over using pupil detectionalone

FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart of an exemplary method 600 of generating orcapturing digital input to construct a scaled reconstruction, accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure. Generating the digital inputmay include collecting the digital input, e.g., using an image capturedevice including a camera. The image capture device/camera include amobile device. In general, building a 3D model of a scene from multiple2D images of differing vantage points (e.g., camera positions) mayinvolve movement of the camera(s) relative to a stationary scene, themovement of the object(s) relative to a stationary camera(s), or thesimultaneous movement of both. Each approach has its advantages anddisadvantages, and method 600 merely serves as one possible method forcapturing digital input in preparation for creating a scaled model.

In one embodiment, step 601 may include prompting a user to remainstationary and move an image capture device to generate digital input.Step 603 may include prompting the user to use a rear camera of theimage capture device. Step 605 may include prompting the user or imagecapture device to use flash at a certain exposure. Step 607 may includeinitiating capture of digital input using the rear camera, flash, andfirst, short duration exposures of the image capture device. The digitalinput may be reviewed for image quality or compared to an image qualitythreshold for sufficient image quality to produce a scaledreconstruction. Step 609 may then include prompting a second capture ofdigital input at an adjusted exposure that is updated from the first,short exposure duration based on the review of image quality.

FIG. 7 includes a visual depiction of capturing digital input (e.g., asdictated by assessment platform 101), according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. In one embodiment, user 701 may be prompted toperform capture 703. Digital input may be captured according to certaininstructions and orientations 705 in response to cues or prompts. Cuesor prompts may be displayed on a screen or communicated via audio,vibration, haptic response, flash, or other visual indicators, either onan image capture device 707, or another device, e.g., a watch. In oneembodiment, image capture device 707 may be a mobile device. The cues orprompts may be executed based on a pre-set timing (for a series ofdirections), face/feature detection and pose estimation, accelerometerdata, gyroscope data, detected audio/audio response (from the user),etc.

In another embodiment, all the methods and techniques described hereinare applied to the customization, rendering, display, and manufacture ofcustom eyewear cases. A user could select from a plurality of materials,colors, designs, shapes, and features and see an accurate rendering ofthe case on his display. Moreover, the case can automatically be sizedto fit the custom eyewear designed such that the case securely containsthe eyewear. For example, the case can be automatically designed tocustom fit the eyewear such that it minimizes the size of the case andincreases the case's ability to protect the eyewear in transport. Thecase color, style, and materials, and method of manufacture can also bematched to those used to make the custom eyewear. Custom text, e.g., thename of the user, may be engraved or marked on or in the case. The sameeyewear manufacturing techniques described herein may also be used tomanufacture the custom cases.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the systems and methodsdescribed herein may also be used in the customization, rendering,display, and manufacture of other custom products. Since the technologydescribed applies to the use of custom image data, anatomic models, andproduct models that are built for customization, a multitude of otherproducts is designed in a similar way, for example: custom jewelry (e.g.bracelets, necklaces, earrings, rings, nose-rings, nose studs, tonguerings/studs, etc.), custom watches (e.g., watch faces, bands, etc.),custom cufflinks, custom bow ties and regular ties, custom tie clips,custom hats, custom bras, Inserts (pads), and other undergarments,custom swimsuits, custom clothing (jackets, pants, shirts, dresses,etc.), custom baby bottle tips and pacifiers (based on scan andreproduction of mother's anatomy), custom prosthetics, custom helmets(motorcycle, bicycle, ski, snowboard, racing, F1, etc.), custom earplugs(active or passive hearing protection), custom audio earphone (e.g.,headphone) tips (over-the-ear and in-ear), custom Bluetooth headset tips(over-the-ear or in-ear), custom safety goggles or masks, and customhead-mounted displays.

It would also be apparent to one of skill in the relevant art that thepresent disclosure, as described herein, can be implemented in manydifferent embodiments of software, hardware, firmware, and/or theentities illustrated in the figures. The operational behavior ofembodiments may be described with the understanding that modificationsand variations of the embodiments are possible, given the level ofdetail presented herein. It is to be understood that both the foregoinggeneral description and the following detailed description are exemplaryand explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosedembodiments, as claimed.

Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled inthe art from consideration of the specification and practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification andexamples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spiritof the invention being indicated by the following claims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A computer-implemented method for generating ascaled reconstruction of an object, using a computer system, the methodcomprising: receiving a first digital input comprising a digitalrepresentation of a calibration target and an object proximate to thecalibration target; defining a three-dimensional coordinate systemrepresenting a three-dimensional space for scaling the object using thecalibration target; aligning the object to the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system based on the first digital input;generating the scaled reconstruction of the object based on thealignment of the object to the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system based on the first digital input;receiving a second digital input comprising depth information of theobject; and generating a digital representation of the scaledreconstruction of the object based on the first digital input and thesecond digital input.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:determining three-dimensional measurements of the calibration target inthe three-dimensional coordinate system; and further generating thescaled reconstruction of the object based on the three-dimensionalmeasurements of the calibration target.
 23. The method of claim 21,wherein the calibration target is comprised of a parameterizedthree-dimensional reconstruction.
 24. The method of claim 21, furthercomprising: receiving a three-dimensional reconstruction of the object;aligning the calibration target to the three-dimensional reconstructionof the object; and generating the scaled reconstruction based on thealignment of the calibration target to the three-dimensionalreconstruction of the object.
 25. The method of claim 24, furthercomprising: generating the three-dimensional reconstruction of theobject.
 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determining,from the first digital input, an image including the calibration targetand the object; determining, from the image, a three-dimensionallocation of the calibration target and a three-dimensional location ofthe object; and positioning the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system and positioning the object in thethree-dimensional coordinate system, based on the three-dimensionallocation of the calibration target and the three-dimensional location ofthe object.
 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determininga scaling measurement based on aligning the object to the calibrationtarget in the three-dimensional coordinate system; and generating thescaled reconstruction of the object based on the scaling measurement.28. The method of claim 21, wherein the first digital input includes oneor more of a series of images from a singular image sensor taken fromdifferent camera positions, a video taken from the different camerapositions, a series of images or a video taken from differentperspectives with depth information included, a 3D point cloud capturedfrom a depth or 3D sensor, a series of images from multiple 2D sensors,a video captured from the multiple 2D sensors, or a combination thereof.29. A system for generating a scaled reconstruction of an object, thesystem comprising: a data storage device storing instructions forgenerating a scaled reconstruction for a consumer product; and aprocessor configured to execute the instructions to perform a methodincluding: receiving a first digital input comprising a digitalrepresentation of a calibration target and an object proximate to thecalibration target; defining a three-dimensional coordinate systemrepresenting a three-dimensional space for scaling the object using thecalibration target; aligning the object to the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system based on the first digital input;generating a scaled reconstruction of the object based on the alignmentof the object to the calibration target in the three-dimensionalcoordinate system based on the first digital input; receiving a seconddigital input comprising depth information of the object; and generatinga digital representation of the scaled reconstruction of the objectbased on the first digital input and the second digital input.
 30. Thesystem of claim 29, wherein the system is further configured for:determining three-dimensional measurements of the calibration target inthe three-dimensional coordinate system; and further generating thescaled reconstruction of the object based on the three-dimensionalmeasurements of the calibration target.
 31. The system of claim 29,wherein the calibration target is comprised of a parameterizedthree-dimensional reconstruction.
 32. The system of claim 31, whereinthe system is further configured for: receiving a three-dimensionalreconstruction of the object; aligning the calibration target to thethree-dimensional reconstruction of the object; and generating thescaled reconstruction based on the alignment of the calibration targetto the three-dimensional reconstruction of the object.
 33. The system ofclaim 32, wherein the system is further configured for: generating thethree-dimensional reconstruction of the object.
 34. The system of claim29, wherein the system is further configured for: determining, from thefirst digital input, an image including the calibration target and theobject; determining, from the image, a three-dimensional location of thecalibration target and a three-dimensional location of the object; andpositioning the calibration target in the three-dimensional coordinatesystem and positioning the object in the three-dimensional coordinatesystem, based on the three-dimensional location of the calibrationtarget and the three-dimensional location of the object.
 35. The systemof claim 29, wherein the system is further configured for: determining ascaling measurement based on aligning the object to the calibrationtarget in the three-dimensional coordinate system; and generating thescaled reconstruction of the object based on the scaling measurement.36. The system of claim 29, wherein the first digital input includes oneor more of a series of images from a singular image sensor taken fromdifferent camera positions, a video taken from the different camerapositions, a series of images or a video taken from differentperspectives with depth information included, a 3D point cloud capturedfrom a depth or 3D sensor, a series of images from multiple 2D sensors,a video captured from the multiple 2D sensors, or a combination thereof.37. A non-transitory computer readable medium for use on a computersystem containing computer-executable programming instructions forgenerating a scaled reconstruction of an object, a method comprising:receiving a first digital input comprising a digital representation of acalibration target and an object proximate to the calibration target;defining a three-dimensional coordinate system representing athree-dimensional space for scaling the object using the calibrationtarget; aligning the object to the calibration target in thethree-dimensional coordinate system based on the first digital input;generating a scaled reconstruction of the object based on the alignmentof the object to the calibration target in the three-dimensionalcoordinate system based on the first digital input; receiving a seconddigital input comprising depth information of the object; and generatinga digital representation of the scaled reconstruction of the objectbased on the first digital input and the second digital input.
 38. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 37, the method furthercomprising: determining three-dimensional measurements of thecalibration target in the three-dimensional coordinate system; andfurther generating the scaled reconstruction of the object based on thethree-dimensional measurements of the calibration target.
 39. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 37, wherein thecalibration target is comprised of a parameterized three-dimensionalreconstruction.
 40. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim37, wherein the first digital input includes one or more of a series ofimages from a singular image sensor taken from different camerapositions, a video taken from the different camera positions, a seriesof images or a video taken from different perspectives with depthinformation included, a 3D point cloud captured from a depth or 3Dsensor, a series of images from multiple 2D sensors, a video capturedfrom the multiple 2D sensors, or a combination thereof.